requestId:68499ac306d699.31016405.
The “Businessman-Business” view of the scholars and officials of the Ming Dynasty
Author: Chang Wenxiang (History Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Postdoctoral Researcher)
Source: “Northeast Major Research Institute (Social Science Edition)” Issue 05, 2018
Time: Confucius was in the 25th 70th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th 29th Jesus April 26, 2019
Keywords:Ming Dynasty/Scholars/Business People-Business Views/Imperial Agricultural Business Society
Content summary:Ming Dynasty’s scholars and officials were able to recognize the social functions of merchants and businesses, and determine that business management and business meet the fair needs of the family and the correct value of national goods. Some scholars and officials also developed from the perspective of “full heart” and focused on the positive influence of businessmen in benefiting social life, so they advocated the “comrades from different industries” and developed the concept of “interconnection of interests”. The reason why they reject social “common principles” as a standard for considering businessmen’s nature, virtue and merit, and especially pay attention to their principles, financial and worldly talents. In addition, some scholars and officials also made serious criticisms about the adverse consequences caused by excessive inflation of commodity economy and other bad trends such as abandoning farmland and profit-making. In general, the “Businessman-Business” view of the scholars and officials of the Ming Dynasty showed their thinking direction of trying to coordinate the mixed economy of farmers to make them coexist and cooperate with the imperial system. This condition is also in line with the common development logic of the Chinese imperial farming society.
Keywords:Ming Dynasty/Scholars and Doctors/Business People-Business Views/Imperial Agricultural Business Society
Title notes:The National Social Science Fund’s critical project “Did the authors who edited and discussed the information of Ming and Qing dynasties have been logically copied?” (14ZDB035).
[Research on History of Ming and Qing Dynasties]The person in charge: Chen Baoliang
The person in charge: The Ming Dynasty was in the critical period of the transformation from traditional society to modern society. On the one hand, in the Ming Dynasty, a small agricultural society established by agricultural industries, literati, agricultural industry and commerce were at the end of the four countries, and the level was well-known; on the other hand, with the long-term development of commodity economy and the rise of urbanization, the Ming Dynasty began to transform from a traditional society to a modern society. This transformation state has a wide range of society and civilization. Among them, the widespread emergence of merchants and other common people, as well as the structure of “refusing scholars and resignations” or “refusing scholars and resignations” in social history, even formed a tide of “refusing scholars and merchants’ interactions” and all formed a macro picture of social transformation and civilization transformation. To discuss this, the two articles collected in this issue, written by Chang Wenxiang, sorted out the “Businessman-Business” view of the scholars of the Ming Dynasty, aiming to obtain the value concepts related to businessmen and business.As the changes and unchanged orientations are changed, we try to analyze the changes in the traditional social history transmitted from within. The article written by Zhu Shuzu made a point of view on the historical materials newly discovered in the journals of Mar Li, “The Records of the Acts of Wang Yishi” and Huangfu Yu’s “The Records of Wang Yishi” and made a micro-view case assessment based on various texts copied by local chronicles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, analyzed the birth of different transcripts, assessed Wang Hai’s academic problems and the connotation of the writing, and Wang Hai’s creative animation of the author, and then put forward many unhelpful thoughts on the differences in writing of the books recorded by merchants.
Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the long-term development of commodity economy and the wide expansion of business relations have provided businessmen’s activities with broad space, which naturally also led to social changes in the traditional perspectives of merchants and businesses. ① As social intellectual elites and governance talents in the Ming Dynasty, their “businessman-business” not only concentratedly reflected the widespread waiting of the mainstream national groups at that time, but also reminded the basic relationship between merchants and existing systems in a certain sense, which became a main indicator to consider the former’s length position. In the past, we have consulted more about the experience of the East, and developed from the perspective of “modern” transformation in traditional China, regarding businessmen and business as different elements of the existing system, and giving them the historical task of triggering social changes. The various “business-oriented” or “utilitarian” concepts expressed by scholars should have the inspirational connotation of breaking the old era. As Wu Hui believed, in the Ming Dynasty, “business thinking had in-depth changes with the development of commodity economy”, and business thinking was increasingly thriving and “fitting to the new types of business practitioners in the emergence” [1]864,875. Instructors and Wang Yinlan also expressed that “in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, due to the development of commodity economy and the emergence of capitalism, a variety of utilitarianism thoughts emerged.” This thought more or less affected Confucian tradition and “reflected the thinking and concepts of people at that time, they had undergone in-depth transformation” [2]. Under this form of description, the acceptance level of merchants and businessmen in the Ming Dynasty formed a characteristic of judging whether they themselves and the social systems they represent could move towards the capitalist state. Overall, this type of research not only lacks the more comprehensive and comprehensive discussions of the concepts of businessmen and business attitudes of those scholars, but also in front of the fact that Chinese traditional society failed to advance to “modernity”, some scholars have reiterated that these new ideas with advanced meanings are either subject to the authority of specialist power, or lack of humanistic energy, and ultimately cannot mature. [3-4]
There are also some related research that can notice that the development of the Ming and Qing dynasties has unique characteristics that are different from the East. to nourish feelings, and strive to settle in China itself to explore the evolution of its social structure and concepts. Ru Zhao Feng proposed: “The ethical conceptual system of Chinese lower-level people and the commerce of modern meaning Entertainment There is no serious obstacle between business behavior, but there is a serious tension between Confucianism and business ethics. For the lower level, the introduction of business activities is only a conditional problem, while for the strict Confucian figures, it is a self-change problem. ”[5] Chen Baoliang took the initiative, under the social change in the late Ming Dynasty, “there was a great conflict between traditional Confucian ethics and the energy of merchants.” However, “Confucian ethics only need to be transformed creatively, and the completeness can be adapted to China’s needs for modernization that are completely different from the Eastern civilization, and thus emerge from a unique modern era. href=”https://twsharestory.com/”>The Road to Nurturing”[6]. In addition, Sun Jie evaluated the “original” view of the Ming Dynasty, explained the differences between the two areas, including the generation, the country and the scholars, and emphasized the “first two”. Traditional concepts have been followed in many places, and the latter changed significantly in the middle and late Ming Dynasty”[7]. The above scholars’ opinions are different. This not only shows the complexity of the problem, but also shows the perspective of abandoning the “modern” transformation, taking Chinese history as the main body, expanding the ability to study and think about the social transformation of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. . This article sorts out the “Businessman-Business” view of the Ming Dynasty scholars and scholars, aiming to analyze the connotation of changes in traditional social history from the changes and unchanged values of businessmen and business.
1. Determine the value of business management
(I) Acknowledge the functions of commercial society
Some scholars and officia
發佈留言